Polling API

The polling API is used to wait concurrently for any one of multiple conditions to be fulfilled.

Concepts 

The polling API’s main function is k_poll(), which is very similar in concept to the POSIX poll() function, except that it operates on kernel objects rather than on file descriptors.

The polling API allows a single thread to wait concurrently for one or more conditions to be fulfilled without actively looking at each one individually.

There is a limited set of such conditions:

a semaphore becomes available
a kernel FIFO contains data ready to be retrieved
a poll signal is raised

A thread that wants to wait on multiple conditions must define an array of poll events, one for each condition.

All events in the array must be initialized before the array can be polled on.

Each event must specify which type of condition must be satisfied so that its state is changed to signal the requested condition has been met.

Each event must specify what kernel object it wants the condition to be satisfied.

Each event must specify which mode of operation is used when the condition is satisfied.

Each event can optionally specify a tag to group multiple events together, to the user’s discretion.

Apart from the kernel objects, there is also a poll signal pseudo-object type that be directly signaled.

The k_poll() function returns as soon as one of the conditions it is waiting for is fulfilled. It is possible for more than one to be fulfilled when k_poll() returns, if they were fulfilled before k_poll() was called, or due to the preemptive multi-threading nature of the kernel. The caller must look at the state of all the poll events in the array to figure out which ones were fulfilled and what actions to take.

Currently, there is only one mode of operation available: the object is not acquired. As an example, this means that when k_poll() returns and the poll event states that the semaphore is available, the caller of k_poll() must then invoke k_sem_take() to take ownership of the semaphore. If the semaphore is contested, there is no guarantee that it will be still available when k_sem_take() is called.

Implementation 

Using k_poll()

The main API is k_poll(), which operates on an array of poll events of type k_poll_event. Each entry in the array represents one event a call to k_poll() will wait for its condition to be fulfilled.

Poll events can be initialized using either the runtime initializers K_POLL_EVENT_INITIALIZER() or k_poll_event_init(), or the static initializer K_POLL_EVENT_STATIC_INITIALIZER(). An object that matches the type specified must be passed to the initializers. The mode must be set to K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY. The state must be set to K_POLL_STATE_NOT_READY (the initializers take care of this). The user tag is optional and completely opaque to the API: it is there to help a user to group similar events together. Being optional, it is passed to the static initializer, but not the runtime ones for performance reasons. If using runtime initializers, the user must set it separately in the k_poll_event data structure. If an event in the array is to be ignored, most likely temporarily, its type can be set to K_POLL_TYPE_IGNORE.

struct k_poll_event events[2] = {
    K_POLL_EVENT_STATIC_INITIALIZER(K_POLL_TYPE_SEM_AVAILABLE,
                                    K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY,
                                    &my_sem, 0),
    K_POLL_EVENT_STATIC_INITIALIZER(K_POLL_TYPE_FIFO_DATA_AVAILABLE,
                                    K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY,
                                    &my_fifo, 0),
};

or at runtime

struct k_poll_event events[2];
void some_init(void)
{
    k_poll_event_init(&events[0],
                      K_POLL_TYPE_SEM_AVAILABLE,
                      K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY,
                      &my_sem);

    k_poll_event_init(&events[1],
                      K_POLL_TYPE_FIFO_DATA_AVAILABLE,
                      K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY,
                      &my_fifo);

    // tags are left uninitialized if unused
}

After the events are initialized, the array can be passed to k_poll(). A timeout can be specified to wait only for a specified amount of time, or the special values K_NO_WAIT and K_FOREVER to either not wait or wait until an event condition is satisfied and not sooner.

A list of pollers is offered on each semaphore or FIFO and as many events can wait in it as the app wants. Notice that the waiters will be served in first-come-first-serve order, not in priority order.

In case of success, k_poll() returns 0. If it times out, it returns -EAGAIN.

// assume there is no contention on this semaphore and FIFO
// -EADDRINUSE will not occur; the semaphore and/or data will be available

void do_stuff(void)
{
    rc = k_poll(events, 2, 1000);
    if (rc == 0) {
        if (events[0].state == K_POLL_STATE_SEM_AVAILABLE) {
            k_sem_take(events[0].sem, 0);
        } else if (events[1].state == K_POLL_STATE_FIFO_DATA_AVAILABLE) {
            data = k_fifo_get(events[1].fifo, 0);
            // handle data
        }
    } else {
        // handle timeout
    }
}

When k_poll() is called in a loop, the events state must be reset to K_POLL_STATE_NOT_READY by the user.

void do_stuff(void)
{
    for(;;) {
        rc = k_poll(events, 2, K_FOREVER);
        if (events[0].state == K_POLL_STATE_SEM_AVAILABLE) {
            k_sem_take(events[0].sem, 0);
        } else if (events[1].state == K_POLL_STATE_FIFO_DATA_AVAILABLE) {
            data = k_fifo_get(events[1].fifo, 0);
            // handle data
        }
        events[0].state = K_POLL_STATE_NOT_READY;
        events[1].state = K_POLL_STATE_NOT_READY;
    }
}

Using k_poll_signal_raise()

One of the types of events is K_POLL_TYPE_SIGNAL: this is a “direct” signal to a poll event. This can be seen as a lightweight binary semaphore only one thread can wait for.

A poll signal is a separate object of type k_poll_signal that must be attached to a k_poll_event, similar to a semaphore or FIFO. It must first be initialized either via K_POLL_SIGNAL_INITIALIZER() or k_poll_signal_init().

struct k_poll_signal signal;
void do_stuff(void)
{
    k_poll_signal_init(&signal);
}

It is signaled via the k_poll_signal_raise() function. This function takes a user result parameter that is opaque to the API and can be used to pass extra information to the thread waiting on the event.

struct k_poll_signal signal;

// thread A
void do_stuff(void)
{
    k_poll_signal_init(&signal);

    struct k_poll_event events[1] = {
        K_POLL_EVENT_INITIALIZER(K_POLL_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                                 K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY,
                                 &signal),
    };

    k_poll(events, 1, K_FOREVER);

    if (events.signal->result == 0x1337) {
        // A-OK!
    } else {
        // weird error
    }
}

// thread B
void signal_do_stuff(void)
{
    k_poll_signal_raise(&signal, 0x1337);
}

If the signal is to be polled in a loop, both its event state and its signaled field must be reset on each iteration if it has been signaled.

struct k_poll_signal signal;
void do_stuff(void)
{
    k_poll_signal_init(&signal);

    struct k_poll_event events[1] = {
        K_POLL_EVENT_INITIALIZER(K_POLL_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                                 K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY,
                                 &signal),
    };

    for (;;) {
        k_poll(events, 1, K_FOREVER);

        if (events[0].signal->result == 0x1337) {
            // A-OK!
        } else {
            // weird error
        }

        events[0].signal->signaled = 0;
        events[0].state = K_POLL_STATE_NOT_READY;
    }
}

Note that poll signals are not internally synchronized. A k_poll() call that is passed a signal will return after any code in the system calls k_poll_signal_raise(). But if the signal is being externally managed and reset via k_poll_signal_init(), it is possible that by the time the application checks, the event state may no longer be equal to K_POLL_STATE_SIGNALED, and a (naive) application will miss events. Best practice is always to reset the signal only from within the thread invoking the k_poll() loop, or else to use some other event type which tracks event counts: semaphores and FIFOs are more error-proof in this sense because they can’t “miss” events, architecturally.

Suggested Uses 

Use k_poll() to consolidate multiple threads that would be pending on one object each, saving possibly large amounts of stack space.

Use a poll signal as a lightweight binary semaphore if only one thread pends on it.

Note

Because objects are only signaled if no other thread is waiting for them to become available and only one thread can poll on a specific object, polling is best used when objects are not subject of contention between multiple threads, basically when a single thread operates as a main “server” or “dispatcher” for multiple objects and is the only one trying to acquire these objects.

Configuration Options 

Related configuration options:

CONFIG_POLL

API Reference 

group poll_apis

Defines

K_POLL_TYPE_IGNORE

K_POLL_TYPE_SIGNAL

K_POLL_TYPE_SEM_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_TYPE_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_TYPE_FIFO_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_TYPE_MSGQ_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_TYPE_PIPE_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_STATE_NOT_READY

K_POLL_STATE_SIGNALED

K_POLL_STATE_SEM_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_STATE_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_STATE_FIFO_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_STATE_MSGQ_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_STATE_PIPE_DATA_AVAILABLE

K_POLL_STATE_CANCELLED

K_POLL_SIGNAL_INITIALIZER(obj)

K_POLL_EVENT_INITIALIZER(_event_type, _event_mode, _event_obj)

K_POLL_EVENT_STATIC_INITIALIZER(_event_type, _event_mode, _event_obj, event_tag)

Enums

enum k_poll_modes

Values:

enumerator K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY = 0

enumerator K_POLL_NUM_MODES

Functions

void k_poll_event_init(struct k_poll_event *event, uint32_t type, int mode, void *obj)

Initialize one struct k_poll_event instance.

After this routine is called on a poll event, the event it ready to be placed in an event array to be passed to k_poll().

Parameters:

event – The event to initialize.
type – A bitfield of the types of event, from the K_POLL_TYPE_xxx values. Only values that apply to the same object being polled can be used together. Choosing K_POLL_TYPE_IGNORE disables the event.
mode – Future. Use K_POLL_MODE_NOTIFY_ONLY.
obj – Kernel object or poll signal.

int k_poll(struct k_poll_event *events, int num_events, k_timeout_t timeout)

Wait for one or many of multiple poll events to occur.

This routine allows a thread to wait concurrently for one or many of multiple poll events to have occurred. Such events can be a kernel object being available, like a semaphore, or a poll signal event.

When an event notifies that a kernel object is available, the kernel object is not “given” to the thread calling k_poll(): it merely signals the fact that the object was available when the k_poll() call was in effect. Also, all threads trying to acquire an object the regular way, i.e. by pending on the object, have precedence over the thread polling on the object. This means that the polling thread will never get the poll event on an object until the object becomes available and its pend queue is empty. For this reason, the k_poll() call is more effective when the objects being polled only have one thread, the polling thread, trying to acquire them.

When k_poll() returns 0, the caller should loop on all the events that were passed to k_poll() and check the state field for the values that were expected and take the associated actions.

Before being reused for another call to k_poll(), the user has to reset the state field to K_POLL_STATE_NOT_READY.

When called from user mode, a temporary memory allocation is required from the caller’s resource pool.

Parameters:

events – An array of events to be polled for.
num_events – The number of events in the array.
timeout – Waiting period for an event to be ready, or one of the special values K_NO_WAIT and K_FOREVER.

Return values:

0 – One or more events are ready.
-EAGAIN – Waiting period timed out.
-EINTR – Polling has been interrupted, e.g. with k_queue_cancel_wait(). All output events are still set and valid, cancelled event(s) will be set to K_POLL_STATE_CANCELLED. In other words, -EINTR status means that at least one of output events is K_POLL_STATE_CANCELLED.
-ENOMEM – Thread resource pool insufficient memory (user mode only)
-EINVAL – Bad parameters (user mode only)

void k_poll_signal_init(struct k_poll_signal *sig)

Initialize a poll signal object.

Ready a poll signal object to be signaled via k_poll_signal_raise().

Parameters:

sig – A poll signal.

void k_poll_signal_reset(struct k_poll_signal *sig)

void k_poll_signal_check(struct k_poll_signal *sig, unsigned int *signaled, int *result)

Fetch the signaled state and result value of a poll signal.

Parameters:

sig – A poll signal object
signaled – An integer buffer which will be written nonzero if the object was signaled
result – An integer destination buffer which will be written with the result value if the object was signaled, or an undefined value if it was not.

int k_poll_signal_raise(struct k_poll_signal *sig, int result)

Signal a poll signal object.

This routine makes ready a poll signal, which is basically a poll event of type K_POLL_TYPE_SIGNAL. If a thread was polling on that event, it will be made ready to run. A result value can be specified.

The poll signal contains a ‘signaled’ field that, when set by k_poll_signal_raise(), stays set until the user sets it back to 0 with k_poll_signal_reset(). It thus has to be reset by the user before being passed again to k_poll() or k_poll() will consider it being signaled, and will return immediately.

Note

The result is stored and the ‘signaled’ field is set even if this function returns an error indicating that an expiring poll was not notified. The next k_poll() will detect the missed raise.

Parameters:

sig – A poll signal.
result – The value to store in the result field of the signal.

Return values:

0 – The signal was delivered successfully.
-EAGAIN – The polling thread’s timeout is in the process of expiring.

struct k_poll_signal

#include <kernel.h>

Public Members

sys_dlist_t poll_events: PRIVATE - DO NOT TOUCH.

unsigned int signaled

1 if the event has been signaled, 0 otherwise.

Stays set to 1 until user resets it to 0.

int result: custom result value passed to k_poll_signal_raise() if needed

struct k_poll_event

#include <kernel.h>

Poll Event.

Public Members

struct z_poller *poller: PRIVATE - DO NOT TOUCH.

uint32_t tag: optional user-specified tag, opaque, untouched by the API

uint32_t type: bitfield of event types (bitwise-ORed K_POLL_TYPE_xxx values)

uint32_t state: bitfield of event states (bitwise-ORed K_POLL_STATE_xxx values)

uint32_t mode: mode of operation, from enum k_poll_modes

uint32_t unused: unused bits in 32-bit word

union k_poll_event.[anonymous] [anonymous]: per-type data

Polling API

Concepts

Implementation

Using k_poll()

Using k_poll_signal_raise()

Suggested Uses

Configuration Options

API Reference

Concepts 

Implementation 

Suggested Uses 

Configuration Options 

API Reference 