Modem library integration layer

Library wrapper
- Callbacks
Socket offloading
OS abstraction layer
Modem trace module
- Adding custom trace backends
- Sending traces over UART1 on a custom board
Modem fault handling
- Implementing a custom fault handler
Partition manager integration
Diagnostic functionality
API documentation

The Modem library integration layer handles the integration of the Modem library into nRF Connect SDK. The integration layer is constituted by the library wrapper and functionalities like socket offloading, OS abstraction, memory reservation by the Partition manager, handling modem traces, and diagnostics.

Library wrapper 

The library wrapper provides an encapsulation over the core Modem library functions such as initialization and shutdown. The library wrapper is implemented in nrf/lib/nrf_modem_lib/nrf_modem_lib.c.

The library wrapper encapsulates the nrf_modem_init() and nrf_modem_shutdown() calls of the Modem library with nrf_modem_lib_init() and nrf_modem_lib_shutdown() calls, respectively. The library wrapper eases the task of initializing the Modem library by automatically passing the size and address of all the shared memory regions of the Modem library to the nrf_modem_init() call.

Partition Manager is the component that reserves the RAM memory for the shared memory regions used by the Modem library. For more information, see Partition manager integration.

The library wrapper can initialize the Modem library during system initialization using SYS_INIT. The CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_SYS_INIT Kconfig option can be used to control this setting. Some libraries in nRF Connect SDK, such as the LTE link controller have similar configuration options to initialize during system initialization and these options depend on the configuration option of the integration layer. If your application performs an update of the nRF9160 modem firmware, you can disable this functionality to have full control on the initialization of the library.

CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_LOG_FW_VERSION_UUID can be enabled for printing logs of both FW version and UUID at the end of the library initialization step.

When using the Modem library in nRF Connect SDK, the library must be initialized and shutdown using the nrf_modem_lib_init() and nrf_modem_lib_shutdown() function calls, respectively.

Callbacks 

The library wrapper also provides callbacks for the initialization and shutdown operations. The application can set up a callback for nrf_modem_lib_init() function using the NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_INIT macro, and a callback for nrf_modem_lib_shutdown() function using the NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_SHUTDOWN macro. These compile-time callbacks allow any part of the application to perform any setup steps that require the modem to be in a certain state. Furthermore, the callbacks ensure that the setup steps are repeated whenever another part of the application turns the modem on or off. The callbacks registered using NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_INIT are executed after the library is initialized. The result of the initialization and the callback context are provided to these callbacks. Callbacks for the macro NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_INIT must have the signature void callback_name(int ret, void *ctx), where ret is the result of the initialization and ctx is the context passed to the macro. The callbacks registered using NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_SHUTDOWN are executed before the library is shut down. The callback context is provided to these callbacks. Callbacks for the macro NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_SHUTDOWN must have the signature void callback_name(void *ctx), where ctx is the context passed to the macro. See the nRF9160: Modem callbacks sample for more information.

Socket offloading 

Zephyr Socket API offers the socket offloading functionality to redirect or offload function calls to BSD socket APIs such as socket() and send(). The integration layer utilizes this functionality to offload the socket API calls to the Modem library and thus eases the task of porting the networking code to the nRF9160 by providing a wrapper for Modem library’s native socket API such as nrf_socket() and nrf_send().

The socket offloading functionality in the integration layer is implemented in nrf/lib/nrf_modem_lib/nrf91_sockets.c.

Modem library socket API sets errnos as defined in nrf_errno.h. The socket offloading support in the integration layer in nRF Connect SDK converts those errnos to the errnos that adhere to the selected C library implementation.

The socket offloading functionality is enabled by default. To disable the functionality, disable the CONFIG_NET_SOCKETS_OFFLOAD Kconfig option in your project configuration. If you disable the socket offloading functionality, the socket calls will no longer be offloaded to the nRF9160 modem firmware. Instead, the calls will be relayed to the native Zephyr TCP/IP implementation. This can be useful to switch between an emulator and a real device while running networking code on these devices. Note that the even if the socket offloading is disabled, Modem library’s own socket APIs such as nrf_socket() and nrf_send() remain available.

OS abstraction layer 

The Modem library requires the implementation of an OS abstraction layer, which is an interface over the operating system functionalities such as interrupt setup, threads, and heap. The integration layer provides an implementation of the OS abstraction layer using nRF Connect SDK components. The OS abstraction layer is implemented in the nrfxlib/nrf_modem/include/nrf_modem_os.c.

The behavior of the functions in the OS abstraction layer is dependent on the nRF Connect SDK components that are used in their implementation. This is relevant for functions such as nrf_modem_os_shm_tx_alloc(), which uses Zephyr’s Heap implementation to dynamically allocate memory. In this case, the characteristics of the allocations made by these functions depend on the heap implementation by Zephyr.

Modem trace module 

To enable the tracing functionality, enable the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE Kconfig in your project configuration. The module is implemented in nrf/lib/nrf_modem_lib/nrf_modem_lib_trace.c and consists of a thread that initializes, deinitializes, and forwards modem traces to a backend that can be selected by enabling any one of the following Kconfig options:

CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_UART to send modem traces over UARTE1
CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_RTT to send modem traces over SEGGER RTT

To reduce the amount of trace data sent from the modem, a different trace level can be selected. Complete the following steps to configure the modem trace level at compile time:

Enable the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_LEVEL_OVERRIDE option in your project configuration.
Enable any one of the following Kconfig options by setting it to y in your project configuration:

The application can use the nrf_modem_lib_trace_level_set() function to set the desired trace level. Passing NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_LEVEL_OFF to the nrf_modem_lib_trace_level_set() function disables trace output.

During tracing, the integration layer ensures that modem traces are always flushed before the Modem library is re-initialized (including when the modem has crashed). The application can synchronize with the flushing of modem traces by calling the nrf_modem_lib_trace_processing_done_wait() function.

To enable the measurement of the modem trace backend bitrate, enable the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_BITRATE Kconfig in your project configuration. After enabling this Kconfig option, the application can use the nrf_modem_lib_trace_backend_bitrate_get() function to retrieve the rolling average bitrate of the modem trace backend, measured over the period defined by the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_BITRATE_PERIOD_MS Kconfig option. To enable logging of the modem trace backend bitrate, enable the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_BITRATE_LOG Kconfig. The logging happens at an interval set by the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_BITRATE_LOG_PERIOD_MS Kconfig option. If the difference in the values of the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_BITRATE_PERIOD_MS Kconfig option and the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_BITRATE_LOG_PERIOD_MS Kconfig option is very high, you can sometimes observe high variation in measurements due to the short period over which the rolling average is calculated.

To enable logging of the modem trace bitrate, enable the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BITRATE_LOG Kconfig.

Adding custom trace backends 

You can add custom trace backends if the existing trace backends are not sufficient. At any time, only one trace backend can be compiled with the application. The value of the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND Kconfig option determines which trace backend is compiled. The nRF9160: Modem trace backend sample demonstrates how a custom trace backend can be added to an application.

Complete the following steps to add a custom trace backend:

Place the files that have the custom trace backend implementation in a library or an application you create. For example, the implementation of the UART trace backend (default) can be found in the nrf/lib/nrf_modem_lib/trace_backends/uart/uart.c file.

Add a C file implementing the interface in nrf/include/modem/trace_backend.h header file.

/* my_trace_medium.c */

#include <modem/trace_medium.h>

int trace_medium_init(void)
{
     /* initialize transport medium here */
     return 0;
}

int trace_medium_deinit(void)
{
     /* optional deinitialization code here */
     return 0;
}

int trace_medium_write(const void *data, size_t len)
{
     /* forward data over custom transport here */
     /* return number of bytes written or negative error code on failure */
     return 0;
}

Create or modify a Kconfig file to extend the choice NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND with another option.

if NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE

# Extends the choice with another backend
choice NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND

config NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_MY_TRACE_BACKEND
        bool "My trace backend"
        help
          Optional description of my
          trace backend.

endchoice

endif

Create or modify a CMakeLists.txt file, adding the custom trace backend sources only if the custom trace backend option has been chosen.

if(CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE)

zephyr_library()

# Only add 'custom' backend to compilation when selected.
zephyr_library_sources_ifdef(
  CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_MY_TRACE_BACKEND
  path/to/my_trace_backend.c
)

endif()

Include the Kconfig file and the CMakeLists.txt file to the build.
Add the following Kconfig options to your application’s prj.conf file to use the custom modem trace backend:
```
CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE=y
CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_MY_TRACE_BACKEND=y
```

Sending traces over UART1 on a custom board 

When sending modem traces over UART1 on a custom board, configuration must be added for the UART1 device in the devicetree. This is done by adding the following code snippet to the board devicetree or overlay file, where the pin numbers (0, 1, 14, and 15) must be updated to match your board.

&pinctrl {
   uart1_default: uart1_default {
      group1 {
         psels = <NRF_PSEL(UART_TX, 0, 1)>,
            <NRF_PSEL(UART_RTS, 0, 14)>;
      };
      group2 {
         psels = <NRF_PSEL(UART_RX, 0, 0)>,
            <NRF_PSEL(UART_CTS, 0, 15)>;
         bias-pull-up;
      };
   };

   uart1_sleep: uart1_sleep {
      group1 {
         psels = <NRF_PSEL(UART_TX, 0, 1)>,
            <NRF_PSEL(UART_RX, 0, 0)>,
            <NRF_PSEL(UART_RTS, 0, 14)>,
            <NRF_PSEL(UART_CTS, 0, 15)>;
         low-power-enable;
      };
   };
};

&uart1 {
   ...
   pinctrl-0 = <&uart1_default>;
   pinctrl-1 = <&uart1_sleep>;
   pinctrl-names = "default", "sleep";
   ...
};

The UART trace backends allow the pins and UART1 interrupt priority to be set using the devicetree. Other configurations set in the devicetree, such as the current speed, are overwritten by the UART trace backends.

Note

When one of the UART trace backends is enabled by either the Kconfig option CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_UART or CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_BACKEND_UART_SYNC, it initializes the UART1 driver, regardless of its status in the devicetree.

Modem fault handling 

If a fault occurs in the modem, the application is notified through the fault handler function that is registered with the Modem library during initialization. This lets the application read the fault reason (in some cases the modem’s program counter) and take the appropriate action.

On initialization (using nrf_modem_lib_init()), the Modem library integration layer registers the nrf_modem_fault_handler() function through the Modem library initialization parameters. The behavior of the nrf_modem_fault_handler() function is controlled with the three following KConfig options:

CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_FAULT_DO_NOTHING - This option lets the fault handler log the Modem fault and return (default).
CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_FAULT_RESET_MODEM - This option lets the fault handler schedule a workqueue task to reinitialize the modem and Modem library.
CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_FAULT_APPLICATION_SPECIFIC - This option lets the fault handler function nrf_modem_fault_handler() be defined by the application, outside of the Modem library integration layer.

Implementing a custom fault handler 

If you want to implement a custom fault handler, enable the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_FAULT_APPLICATION_SPECIFIC Kconfig option and provide an implementation of the nrf_modem_fault_handler() function, considering the following points:

The fault handler is called in an interrupt context.
Re-initialization of the Modem library must be done outside of the fault handler.

Partition manager integration 

The Modem library, which runs on the application core, shares an area of RAM memory with the nRF9160 modem core. During the initialization, the Modem library accepts the boundaries of this area of RAM and configures the communication with the modem core accordingly.

However, it is the responsibility of the application to reserve that RAM during linking, so that this memory area is not used for other purposes and remain dedicated for use by the Modem library.

In nRF Connect SDK, the application can configure the size of the memory area dedicated to the Modem library through the integration layer. The integration layer provides a set of Kconfig options that help the application reserve the required amount of memory for the Modem library by integrating with another nRF Connect SDK component, the Partition Manager.

The RAM area that the Modem library shares with the nRF9160 modem core is divided into the following four regions:

Control
RX
TX
Trace

The size of the RX, TX and the Trace regions can be configured by the following Kconfig options of the integration layer:

CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_SHMEM_RX_SIZE for the RX region
CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_SHMEM_TX_SIZE for the TX region
CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_SHMEM_TRACE_SIZE for the Trace region

The size of the Control region is fixed. The Modem library exports the size value through CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_SHMEM_CTRL_SIZE. This value is automatically passed by the integration layer to the library during the initialization through nrf_modem_lib_init().

When the application is built using CMake, the Partition Manager automatically reads the Kconfig options of the integration layer. Partition manager decides about the placement of the regions in RAM and reserves memory according to the given size. As a result, the Partition manager generates the following parameters:

PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_CTRL_ADDRESS - Address of the Control region
PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TX_ADDRESS - Address of the TX region
PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_RX_ADDRESS - Address of the RX region
PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_ADDRESS - Address of the Trace region

Partition manager also generates the following additional parameters:

PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_CTRL_SIZE - Size of the Control region
PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TX_SIZE - Size of the TX region
PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_RX_SIZE - Size of the RX region
PM_NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_SIZE - Size of the Trace region

These parameters will have identical values as the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_SHMEM_*_SIZE configuration options.

When the Modem library is initialized by the integration layer in nRF Connect SDK, the integration layer automatically passes the boundaries of each shared memory region to the Modem library during the nrf_modem_lib_init() call.

Diagnostic functionality 

The Modem library integration layer in nRF Connect SDK provides some memory diagnostic functionality that is enabled by the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_MEM_DIAG option.

The application can retrieve runtime statistics for the library and TX memory region heaps by enabling the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_MEM_DIAG option and calling the nrf_modem_lib_diag_stats_get() function. The application can schedule a periodic report of the runtime statistics of the library and TX memory region heaps, by enabling the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_MEM_DIAG_DUMP option. The application can log the allocations on the Modem library heap and the TX memory region by enabling the CONFIG_NRF_MODEM_LIB_MEM_DIAG_ALLOC option.

API documentation 

Header file: include/modem/nrf_modem_lib.h, include/modem/nrf_modem_lib_trace.h

Source file: lib/nrf_modem_lib.c

group nrf_modem_lib

API of the SMS nRF Modem library wrapper module.

Defines

NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_INIT(name, _callback, _context)

Define a callback for nrf_modem_lib_init calls.

The callback function _callback is invoked after the library has been initialized.

Parameters

name – Callback name
_callback – Callback function name
_context – User-defined context for the callback

NRF_MODEM_LIB_ON_SHUTDOWN(name, _callback, _context)

Define a callback for nrf_modem_lib_shutdown calls.

The callback function _callback is invoked before the library is shutdown.

Parameters

name – Callback name
_callback – Callback function name
_context – User-defined context for the callback

Functions

int nrf_modem_lib_init(enum nrf_modem_mode mode)

Initialize the Modem library.

This function synchronously turns on the modem; it could block for a few minutes when the modem firmware is being updated.

If your application supports modem firmware updates, consider initializing the library manually to have control of what the application should do while initialization is ongoing.

The library has two operation modes, normal mode and full DFU mode. The full DFU mode is used to update the whole modem firmware.

When the library is initialized in full DFU mode, all shared memory regions are reserved for the firmware update operation, and no other functionality can be used. In particular, sockets won’t be available to the application.

To switch between the full DFU mode and normal mode, shutdown the modem with nrf_modem_lib_shutdown() and re-initialize it in the desired operation mode.

Parameters

mode – [in] Library mode.

Returns

int Zero on success, non-zero otherwise.

void nrf_modem_lib_shutdown_wait(void)

Makes a thread sleep until next time nrf_modem_lib_init() is called.

When nrf_modem_lib_shutdown() is called a thread can call this function to be woken up next time nrf_modem_lib_init() is called.

int nrf_modem_lib_get_init_ret(void)

Get the last return value of nrf_modem_lib_init.

This function can be used to access the last return value of nrf_modem_lib_init. This can be used to check the state of a modem firmware exchange when the Modem library was initialized at boot-time.

Returns: int The last return value of nrf_modem_lib_init.

int nrf_modem_lib_shutdown(void)

Shutdown the Modem library, releasing its resources.

Returns: int Zero on success, non-zero otherwise.

void nrf_modem_fault_handler(struct nrf_modem_fault_info *fault_info)

Modem fault handler.

Parameters

fault_info – [in] Modem fault information. Contains the fault reason and, in some cases, the modem program counter.

int nrf_modem_lib_diag_stats_get(struct nrf_modem_lib_diag_stats *stats)

Retrieve heap runtime statistics.

Retrieve runtime statistics for the shared memory and library heaps.

struct nrf_modem_lib_init_cb

#include <nrf_modem_lib.h>

Modem library initialization callback struct.

Public Members

void (*callback)(int ret, void *ctx)

Callback function.

Param ret: The return value of nrf_modem_init()
Param ctx: User-defined context

void *context: User defined context

struct nrf_modem_lib_shutdown_cb

#include <nrf_modem_lib.h>

Modem library shutdown callback struct.

Public Members

void (*callback)(void *ctx)

Callback function.

Param ctx: User-defined context

void *context: User defined context

struct nrf_modem_lib_diag_stats: #include <nrf_modem_lib.h>

group nrf_modem_lib_trace

Enums

enum nrf_modem_lib_trace_level

Trace level.

The trace level can be used to filter the traces.

Values:

enumerator NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_LEVEL_OFF: Disable output.

enumerator NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_LEVEL_COREDUMP_ONLY: Coredump only.

enumerator NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_LEVEL_FULL: LTE, IP, GNSS, and coredump.

enumerator NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_LEVEL_IP_ONLY: IP.

enumerator NRF_MODEM_LIB_TRACE_LEVEL_LTE_AND_IP: LTE and IP.

Functions

int nrf_modem_lib_trace_processing_done_wait(k_timeout_t timeout)

Wait for trace to have finished processing after coredump or shutdown.

This function blocks until the trace module has finished processing data after a modem fault (coredump) or modem shutdown.

Parameters

timeout – Time to wait for trace processing to be done.

Returns

Zero on success, non-zero otherwise.

int nrf_modem_lib_trace_level_set(enum nrf_modem_lib_trace_level trace_level)

Set trace level.

Parameters

trace_level – Trace level

Returns

Zero on success, non-zero otherwise.