Utilities

This page contains reference documentation for <sys/util.h>, which provides miscellaneous utility functions and macros.

group sys-util

Defines

POINTER_TO_UINT(x): Cast x, a pointer, to an unsigned integer.

UINT_TO_POINTER(x): Cast x, an unsigned integer, to a void*.

POINTER_TO_INT(x): Cast x, a pointer, to a signed integer.

INT_TO_POINTER(x): Cast x, a signed integer, to a void*.

BITS_PER_LONG: Number of bits in a long int.

GENMASK(h, l): Create a contiguous bitmask starting at bit position l and ending at position h.

LSB_GET(value): Extract the Least Significant Bit from value.

FIELD_GET(mask, value): Extract a bitfield element from value corresponding to the field mask mask.

FIELD_PREP(mask, value): Prepare a bitfield element using value with mask representing its field position and width. The result should be combined with other fields using a logical OR.

ZERO_OR_COMPILE_ERROR(cond): 0 if cond is true-ish; causes a compile error otherwise.

IS_ARRAY(array)

Zero if array has an array type, a compile error otherwise.

This macro is available only from C, not C++.

ARRAY_SIZE(array)

Number of elements in the given array.

In C++, due to language limitations, this will accept as array any type that implements operator[]. The results may not be particulary meaningful in this case.

In C, passing a pointer as array causes a compile error.

PART_OF_ARRAY(array, ptr)

Check if a pointer ptr lies within array.

In C but not C++, this causes a compile error if array is not an array (e.g. if ptr and array are mixed up).

Parameters

ptr – a pointer
array – an array

Returns

1 if ptr is part of array, 0 otherwise

CONTAINER_OF(ptr, type, field)

Get a pointer to a structure containing the element.

Example:

 struct foo {
    int bar;
 };

 struct foo my_foo;
 int *ptr = &my_foo.bar;

 struct foo *container = CONTAINER_OF(ptr, struct foo, bar);

Above, container points at my_foo.

Parameters

ptr – pointer to a structure element
type – name of the type that ptr is an element of
field – the name of the field within the struct ptr points to

Returns

a pointer to the structure that contains ptr

ROUND_UP(x, align): Value of x rounded up to the next multiple of align, which must be a power of 2.

ROUND_DOWN(x, align): Value of x rounded down to the previous multiple of align, which must be a power of 2.

WB_UP(x): Value of x rounded up to the next word boundary.

WB_DN(x): Value of x rounded down to the previous word boundary.

ceiling_fraction(numerator, divider): Ceiling function applied to numerator / divider as a fraction.

MAX(a, b): The larger value between a and b.

Note

Arguments are evaluated twice.

MIN(a, b): The smaller value between a and b.

Note

Arguments are evaluated twice.

CLAMP(val, low, high): Clamp a value to a given range.

Note

Arguments are evaluated multiple times.

KB(x): Number of bytes in x kibibytes.

MB(x): Number of bytes in x mebibytes.

GB(x): Number of bytes in x gibibytes.

KHZ(x): Number of Hz in x kHz.

MHZ(x): Number of Hz in x MHz.

BIT(n): Unsigned integer with bit position n set (signed in assembly language).

BIT64(_n): 64-bit unsigned integer with bit position _n set.

WRITE_BIT(var, bit, set)

Set or clear a bit depending on a boolean value.

The argument var is a variable whose value is written to as a side effect.

Parameters

var – Variable to be altered
bit – Bit number
set – if 0, clears bit in var; any other value sets bit

BIT_MASK(n): Bit mask with bits 0 through n-1 (inclusive) set, or 0 if n is 0.

BIT64_MASK(n): 64-bit bit mask with bits 0 through n-1 (inclusive) set, or 0 if n is 0.

IS_ENABLED(config_macro)

Check for macro definition in compiler-visible expressions.

This trick was pioneered in Linux as the config_enabled() macro. It has the effect of taking a macro value that may be defined to “1” or may not be defined at all and turning it into a literal expression that can be handled by the C compiler instead of just the preprocessor. It is often used with a CONFIG_FOO macro which may be defined to 1 via Kconfig, or left undefined.

That is, it works similarly to #if defined(CONFIG_FOO) except that its expansion is a C expression. Thus, much #ifdef usage can be replaced with equivalents like:

if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_FOO)) {
        do_something_with_foo
}

This is cleaner since the compiler can generate errors and warnings for do_something_with_foo even when CONFIG_FOO is undefined.

Parameters

config_macro – Macro to check

Returns

1 if config_macro is defined to 1, 0 otherwise (including if config_macro is not defined)

COND_CODE_1(_flag, _if_1_code, _else_code)

Insert code depending on whether _flag expands to 1 or not.

This relies on similar tricks as IS_ENABLED(), but as the result of _flag expansion, results in either _if_1_code or _else_code is expanded.

To prevent the preprocessor from treating commas as argument separators, the _if_1_code and _else_code expressions must be inside brackets/parentheses: (). These are stripped away during macro expansion.

Example:

COND_CODE_1(CONFIG_FLAG, (uint32_t x;), (there_is_no_flag();))

If CONFIG_FLAG is defined to 1, this expands to:

uint32_t x;

It expands to there_is_no_flag(); otherwise.

This could be used as an alternative to:

#if defined(CONFIG_FLAG) && (CONFIG_FLAG == 1)
#define MAYBE_DECLARE(x) uint32_t x
#else
#define MAYBE_DECLARE(x) there_is_no_flag()
#endif

MAYBE_DECLARE(x);

However, the advantage of COND_CODE_1() is that code is resolved in place where it is used, while the #if method defines MAYBE_DECLARE on two lines and requires it to be invoked again on a separate line. This makes COND_CODE_1() more concise and also sometimes more useful when used within another macro’s expansion.

Note

_flag can be the result of preprocessor expansion, e.g. an expression involving NUM_VA_ARGS_LESS_1(...). However, _if_1_code is only expanded if _flag expands to the integer literal 1. Integer expressions that evaluate to 1, e.g. after doing some arithmetic, will not work.

Parameters

_flag – evaluated flag
_if_1_code – result if _flag expands to 1; must be in parentheses
_else_code – result otherwise; must be in parentheses

COND_CODE_0(_flag, _if_0_code, _else_code)

Like COND_CODE_1() except tests if _flag is 0.

This is like COND_CODE_1(), except that it tests whether _flag expands to the integer literal 0. It expands to _if_0_code if so, and _else_code otherwise; both of these must be enclosed in parentheses.

See also

COND_CODE_1()

Parameters

_flag – evaluated flag
_if_0_code – result if _flag expands to 0; must be in parentheses
_else_code – result otherwise; must be in parentheses

IF_ENABLED(_flag, _code)

Insert code if _flag is defined and equals 1.

Like COND_CODE_1(), this expands to _code if _flag is defined to 1; it expands to nothing otherwise.

Example:

IF_ENABLED(CONFIG_FLAG, (uint32_t foo;))

If CONFIG_FLAG is defined to 1, this expands to:

uint32_t foo;

and to nothing otherwise.

It can be considered as a more compact alternative to:

#if defined(CONFIG_FLAG) && (CONFIG_FLAG == 1)
uint32_t foo;
#endif

Parameters

_flag – evaluated flag
_code – result if _flag expands to 1; must be in parentheses

IS_EMPTY(...)

Check if a macro has a replacement expression.

If a is a macro defined to a nonempty value, this will return true, otherwise it will return false. It only works with defined macros, so an additional #ifdef test may be needed in some cases.

This macro may be used with COND_CODE_1() and COND_CODE_0() while processing to avoid processing empty arguments.

Example:

 #define EMPTY
 #define NON_EMPTY  1
 #undef  UNDEFINED
 IS_EMPTY(EMPTY)
 IS_EMPTY(NON_EMPTY)
 IS_EMPTY(UNDEFINED)
 #if defined(EMPTY) && IS_EMPTY(EMPTY) == true
 some_conditional_code
 #endif

In above examples, the invocations of IS_EMPTY(…) return true, false, and true; some_conditional_code is included.

Parameters

... – macro to check for emptiness (may be )

LIST_DROP_EMPTY(...)

Remove empty arguments from list.

During macro expansion, and other preprocessor generated lists may contain empty elements, e.g.:

 #define LIST ,a,b,,d,

Using EMPTY to show each empty element, LIST contains:

 EMPTY, a, b, EMPTY, d

When processing such lists, e.g. using FOR_EACH(), all empty elements will be processed, and may require filtering out. To make that process easier, it is enough to invoke LIST_DROP_EMPTY which will remove all empty elements.

Example:

 LIST_DROP_EMPTY(LIST)

expands to:

 a, b, d

Parameters

... – list to be processed

EMPTY

Macro with an empty expansion.

This trivial definition is provided for readability when a macro should expand to an empty result, which e.g. is sometimes needed to silence checkpatch.

Example:

 #define LIST_ITEM(n) , item##n

The above would cause checkpatch to complain, but:

 #define LIST_ITEM(n) EMPTY, item##n

would not.

IDENTITY(V)

Macro that expands to its argument.

This is useful in macros like FOR_EACH() when there is no transformation required on the list elements.

Parameters

V – any value

GET_ARG_N(N, ...)

Get nth argument from argument list.

Parameters

N – Argument index to fetch. Counter from 1.
... – Variable list of argments from which one argument is returned.

Returns

Nth argument.

GET_ARGS_LESS_N(N, ...)

Strips n first arguments from the argument list.

Parameters

N – Number of arguments to discard.
... – Variable list of argments.

Returns

argument list without N first arguments.

UTIL_OR(a, b)

Like a || b, but does evaluation and short-circuiting at C preprocessor time.

This is not the same as the binary || operator; in particular, a should expand to an integer literal 0 or 1. However, b can be any value.

This can be useful when b is an expression that would cause a build error when a is 1.

UTIL_AND(a, b)

Like a && b, but does evaluation and short-circuiting at C preprocessor time.

This is not the same as the binary &&, however; in particular, a should expand to an integer literal 0 or 1. However, b can be any value.

This can be useful when b is an expression that would cause a build error when a is 0.

UTIL_LISTIFY(LEN, F, ...)

Generates a sequence of code.

Example:

#define FOO(i, _) MY_PWM ## i ,
{ UTIL_LISTIFY(PWM_COUNT, FOO) }

The above two lines expand to:

{ MY_PWM0 , MY_PWM1 , }

Note

Calling UTIL_LISTIFY with undefined arguments has undefined behavior.

Parameters

LEN – The length of the sequence. Must be an integer literal less than 255.
F – A macro function that accepts at least two arguments: F(i, ...). F is called repeatedly in the expansion. Its first argument i is the index in the sequence, and the variable list of arguments passed to UTIL_LISTIFY are passed through to F.

FOR_EACH(F, sep, ...)

Call a macro F on each provided argument with a given separator between each call.

Example:

#define F(x) int a##x
FOR_EACH(F, (;), 4, 5, 6);

This expands to:

int a4;
int a5;
int a6;

Parameters

F – Macro to invoke
sep – Separator (e.g. comma or semicolon). Must be in parentheses; this is required to enable providing a comma as separator.
... – Variable argument list. The macro F is invoked as F(element) for each element in the list.

FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM(F, term, ...)

Like FOR_EACH(), but with a terminator instead of a separator, and drops empty elements from the argument list.

The sep argument to FOR_EACH(F, (sep), a, b) is a separator which is placed between calls to F, like this:

FOR_EACH(F, (sep), a, b) // F(a) sep F(b)
                         //               ^^^ no sep here!

By contrast, the term argument to FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM(F, (term), a, b) is added after each time F appears in the expansion:

FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM(F, (term), a, b) // F(a) term F(b) term
                                        //                ^^^^

Further, any empty elements are dropped:

FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM(F, (term), a, EMPTY, b) // F(a) term F(b) term

This is more convenient in some cases, because FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM() expands to nothing when given an empty argument list, and it’s often cumbersome to write a macro F that does the right thing even when given an empty argument.

One example is when may or may not be empty, and the results are embedded in a larger initializer:

#define SQUARE(x) ((x)*(x))

int my_array[] = {
        FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM(SQUARE, (,), FOO(...))
        FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM(SQUARE, (,), BAR(...))
        FOR_EACH_NONEMPTY_TERM(SQUARE, (,), BAZ(...))
};

This is more convenient than:

figuring out whether the FOO, BAR, and BAZ expansions are empty and adding a comma manually (or not) between FOR_EACH() calls
rewriting SQUARE so it reacts appropriately when “x” is empty (which would be necessary if e.g. FOO expands to nothing)

Parameters

F – Macro to invoke on each nonempty element of the variable arguments
term – Terminator (e.g. comma or semicolon) placed after each invocation of F. Must be in parentheses; this is required to enable providing a comma as separator.
... – Variable argument list. The macro F is invoked as F(element) for each nonempty element in the list.

FOR_EACH_IDX(F, sep, ...)

Call macro F on each provided argument, with the argument’s index as an additional parameter.

This is like FOR_EACH(), except F should be a macro which takes two arguments: F(index, variable_arg).

Example:

#define F(idx, x) int a##idx = x
FOR_EACH_IDX(F, (;), 4, 5, 6);

This expands to:

int a0 = 4;
int a1 = 5;
int a2 = 6;

Parameters

F – Macro to invoke
sep – Separator (e.g. comma or semicolon). Must be in parentheses; this is required to enable providing a comma as separator.
... – Variable argument list. The macro F is invoked as F(index, element) for each element in the list.

FOR_EACH_FIXED_ARG(F, sep, fixed_arg, ...)

Call macro F on each provided argument, with an additional fixed argument as a parameter.

This is like FOR_EACH(), except F should be a macro which takes two arguments: F(variable_arg, fixed_arg).

Example:

static void func(int val, void *dev);
FOR_EACH_FIXED_ARG(func, (;), dev, 4, 5, 6);

This expands to:

func(4, dev);
func(5, dev);
func(6, dev);

Parameters

F – Macro to invoke
sep – Separator (e.g. comma or semicolon). Must be in parentheses; this is required to enable providing a comma as separator.
fixed_arg – Fixed argument passed to F as the second macro parameter.
... – Variable argument list. The macro F is invoked as F(element, fixed_arg) for each element in the list.

FOR_EACH_IDX_FIXED_ARG(F, sep, fixed_arg, ...)

Calls macro F for each variable argument with an index and fixed argument.

This is like the combination of FOR_EACH_IDX() with FOR_EACH_FIXED_ARG().

Example:

#define F(idx, x, fixed_arg) int fixed_arg##idx = x
FOR_EACH_IDX_FIXED_ARG(F, (;), a, 4, 5, 6);

This expands to:

int a0 = 4;
int a1 = 5;
int a2 = 6;

Parameters

F – Macro to invoke
sep – Separator (e.g. comma or semicolon). Must be in parentheses; This is required to enable providing a comma as separator.
fixed_arg – Fixed argument passed to F as the third macro parameter.
... – Variable list of arguments. The macro F is invoked as F(index, element, fixed_arg) for each element in the list.

REVERSE_ARGS(...)

Reverse arguments order.

Parameters

... – Variable argument list.

NUM_VA_ARGS_LESS_1(...)

Number of arguments in the variable arguments list minus one.

Parameters

... – List of arguments

Returns

Number of variadic arguments in the argument list, minus one

MACRO_MAP_CAT(...)

Mapping macro that pastes results together.

This is similar to FOR_EACH() in that it invokes a macro repeatedly on each element of . However, unlike FOR_EACH(), MACRO_MAP_CAT() pastes the results together into a single token.

For example, with this macro FOO:

#define FOO(x) item_##x##_

MACRO_MAP_CAT(FOO, a, b, c), expands to the token:

item_a_item_b_item_c_

Parameters

... – Macro to expand on each argument, followed by its arguments. (The macro should take exactly one argument.)

Returns

The results of expanding the macro on each argument, all pasted together

MACRO_MAP_CAT_N(N, ...)

Mapping macro that pastes a fixed number of results together.

Similar to MACRO_MAP_CAT(), but expects a fixed number of arguments. If more arguments are given than are expected, the rest are ignored.

Parameters

N – Number of arguments to map
... – Macro to expand on each argument, followed by its arguments. (The macro should take exactly one argument.)

Returns

The results of expanding the macro on each argument, all pasted together

Functions

static inline bool is_power_of_two(unsigned int x)

Is x a power of two?

Parameters

x – value to check

Returns

true if x is a power of two, false otherwise

static inline int64_t arithmetic_shift_right(int64_t value, uint8_t shift)

Arithmetic shift right.

Parameters

value – value to shift
shift – number of bits to shift

Returns

value shifted right by shift; opened bit positions are filled with the sign bit

static inline void bytecpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t size)

byte by byte memcpy.

Copy size bytes of src into dest. This is guaranteed to be done byte by byte.

Parameters

dst – Pointer to the destination memory.
src – Pointer to the source of the data.
size – The number of bytes to copy.

static inline void byteswp(void *a, void *b, size_t size)

byte by byte swap.

Swap size bytes between memory regions a and b. This is guaranteed to be done byte by byte.

Parameters

a – Pointer to the the first memory region.
b – Pointer to the the second memory region.
size – The number of bytes to swap.

int char2hex(char c, uint8_t *x)

Convert a single character into a hexadecimal nibble.

Parameters

c – The character to convert
x – The address of storage for the converted number.

Returns

Zero on success or (negative) error code otherwise.

int hex2char(uint8_t x, char *c)

Convert a single hexadecimal nibble into a character.

Parameters

c – The number to convert
x – The address of storage for the converted character.

Returns

Zero on success or (negative) error code otherwise.

size_t bin2hex(const uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen, char *hex, size_t hexlen)

Convert a binary array into string representation.

Parameters

buf – The binary array to convert
buflen – The length of the binary array to convert
hex – Address of where to store the string representation.
hexlen – Size of the storage area for string representation.

Returns

The length of the converted string, or 0 if an error occurred.

size_t hex2bin(const char *hex, size_t hexlen, uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen)

Convert a hexadecimal string into a binary array.

Parameters

hex – The hexadecimal string to convert
hexlen – The length of the hexadecimal string to convert.
buf – Address of where to store the binary data
buflen – Size of the storage area for binary data

Returns

The length of the binary array, or 0 if an error occurred.

static inline uint8_t bcd2bin(uint8_t bcd)

Convert a binary coded decimal (BCD 8421) value to binary.

Parameters

bcd – BCD 8421 value to convert.

Returns

Binary representation of input value.

static inline uint8_t bin2bcd(uint8_t bin)

Convert a binary value to binary coded decimal (BCD 8421).

Parameters

bin – Binary value to convert.

Returns

BCD 8421 representation of input value.

uint8_t u8_to_dec(char *buf, uint8_t buflen, uint8_t value)

Convert a uint8_t into a decimal string representation.

Convert a uint8_t value into its ASCII decimal string representation. The string is terminated if there is enough space in buf.

Parameters

buf – Address of where to store the string representation.
buflen – Size of the storage area for string representation.
value – The value to convert to decimal string

Returns

The length of the converted string (excluding terminator if any), or 0 if an error occurred.

char *utf8_trunc(char *utf8_str)

Properly truncate a NULL-terminated UTF-8 string.

Take a NULL-terminated UTF-8 string and ensure that if the string has been truncated (by setting the NULL terminator) earlier by other means, that the string ends with a properly formatted UTF-8 character (1-4 bytes).

Parameters

utf8_str – NULL-terminated string

Returns

Pointer to the utf8_str

char *utf8_lcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t n)

Copies a UTF-8 encoded string from src to dst.

The resulting dst will always be NULL terminated, and the dst string will always be properly UTF-8 truncated.

return Pointer to the dst

Parameters

dst – The destination of the UTF-8 string.
src – The source string
n – The size of the dst buffer. Shall not be 0.